Anti-Semitism – hatred of Jews, animosity towards Jews, and Judeophobia – is still present in almost all countries around the world today. It manifests itself in prejudices, marginalisation, discrimination, violent assaults and expulsion, and was the fundamental cause of the Shoah: the assassination of about six million Jews in the Third Reich. In her diary, Anne Frank describes the restrictions imposed upon herself and her family as Jews. Anti-Semitism is usually justified using religious, biologistic or conspiracy arguments where Jews are seen as the cause of countless grievances and misfortunes. Today, anti-Semitism is often partially concealed, e.g. in Holocaust denial, disguised as criticism of Israel or as pseudo-scientific rumours about supposed Zionist world domination. In addition, there are repeated violent attacks on Jews and Jewish institutions.